What Is Lymphedema? Causes, Stages, and How to Live Comfortably
- Surviving Breast Cancer
- Aug 29
- 5 min read
Updated: Sep 22
If you or someone you love is navigating breast cancer treatment, the possibility of developing lymphedema can feel overwhelming. The thought of facing another challenge may bring a mix of fear, confusion, and frustration. Fortunately, you’re not alone. Many individuals with breast cancer experience lymphedema, and with the right knowledge and support, you can manage it effectively.
Taking the time to understand what lymphedema is, why it happens, and how it progresses through different stages can make the condition feel less intimidating. More importantly, learning about proven strategies to reduce swelling, prevent flare-ups, and stay active can help you or your loved one regain control. With the right tools and resources, it’s possible to live comfortably, protect your health, and move forward with confidence.
What Is Lymphedema?
Lymphedema is a chronic condition that occurs when the lymphatic system can no longer circulate lymph fluid effectively, leading to a buildup of protein-rich fluid in the soft tissues. This accumulation causes painful swelling, most commonly in the arms or legs, but it can also affect the chest, hands, trunk, abdomen, face, or genitals. Over time, lymphedema can lead to skin thickening, tissue changes, and increased discomfort.
Breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL) often develops after treatments that involve removing or irradiating lymph nodes, particularly under the arm. These interventions disrupt normal drainage, causing fluid to back up in the arm, breast, chest, or hand. While lymphedema can range in severity, early diagnosis and proper management are essential to reduce symptoms and prevent progression.
To learn more, listen to the Breast Cancer Conversations podcast episode “What Is Lymphedema?”
Who’s at Risk for Lymphedema?
Doctors don’t yet fully understand why some individuals develop lymphedema while others don’t. However, the risk increases significantly for those who have undergone the removal of multiple lymph nodes and received radiation therapy to the axillary (underarm) area during cancer treatment.
Lymphedema affects approximately one in five people treated for breast cancer and can appear at any point, sometimes even years after treatment has ended. This unpredictability highlights the importance of ongoing awareness and monitoring.
There are also a few individual risk factors, including:
High body mass index (BMI)
Infection or inflammation in the limb
Injury, vascular disease, or skin conditions
Gene-related vulnerability (primary lymphedema is rare)
Lymphedema Symptoms
Lymphedema can cause a variety of symptoms, which may develop gradually and worsen over time. Common signs include:
Swelling in part or all of the arm or leg, including the fingers or toes
A sensation of heaviness, tightness, or aching
Reduced range of motion
Recurring infections
Hardening or thickening of the skin (a condition known as fibrosis)
If left untreated, lymphedema can interfere with daily activities and increase the risk of complications. Severe cases may limit mobility, lead to frequent infections such as cellulitis, and cause long-term skin changes or breakdown. Early diagnosis and medical care are key to managing symptoms and preventing progression.
Lymphedema Treatment Options
While lymphedema currently has no cure, a range of surgical and nonsurgical treatments can help manage symptoms, reduce swelling, and improve quality of life.
Lymphaticovenous Anastomosis (LVA) — Also Known as Lymphovenous Bypass
Surgeons perform a minimally invasive outpatient procedure to reroute lymphatic fluid by connecting lymphatic vessels directly to tiny veins, effectively bypassing damaged or removed lymph nodes. It requires only small incisions and involves minimal blood loss. LVA can significantly reduce swelling and, in some cases, restore normal function to the affected limb.
Vascularized Lymph Node Transfer (VLNT)
In this outpatient procedure, surgeons use green dye to locate healthy lymph nodes — usually from the abdomen — and transplant them into the area with lymphatic obstruction. These transplanted nodes promote the growth of new lymphatic pathways and can improve drainage over time.
Laparoscopic Omental Lymph Node Transfer (Omental Transplant)
Surgeons use the omentum — a fatty layer in the abdomen rich in lymph nodes — in a minimally invasive procedure to help restore lymphatic circulation. Surgeons access and transfer omental lymph nodes through laparoscopic techniques, reducing recovery time and scarring.
Nonsurgical Treatment Options
Exercise
Gentle, targeted exercises can stimulate lymphatic flow and prepare the affected limb for daily tasks. A certified lymphedema therapist can create a personalized routine focused on low-impact muscle contractions. Avoid strenuous activity unless advised otherwise by your healthcare provider. Consult the National Lymphedema Network to find a certified lymphedema therapist near you.
Manual Lymphatic Drainage (MLD)
A specialized form of massage encourages the movement of lymph fluid out of the swollen area. However, doctors advise against it for individuals with active infections, blood clots, or certain underlying conditions. Always consult your healthcare team before starting MLD.
Pneumatic Compression Therapy
A sleeve worn on the affected arm or leg connects to a pump that periodically inflates, applying pressure to help move lymph fluid away from the extremities.
Compression Garments
Custom-fitted sleeves or stockings apply consistent pressure to the affected limb, improving lymph fluid flow. These garments are essential during exercise. A healthcare professional can help determine the right fit and whether a custom garment is needed.
Bandaging
Multilayer bandaging encourages lymph fluid to move back toward the core of the body. Bandages should be snug around the fingers or toes and gradually looser toward the torso.
Complete Decongestive Therapy (CDT)
CDT is the gold standard in lymphedema care. It combines several approaches — manual lymphatic drainage, compression therapy, targeted exercise, and skin care — into a comprehensive treatment plan tailored to the individual.
Tips to Lower Your Risk of Developing Lymphedema
While no method can guarantee lymphedema prevention, specific proactive steps may reduce your risk or help manage symptoms if they appear:
Stay alert to changes: Notify your doctor right away if you notice any changes in size, color, temperature, or sensation in the area of your body that received cancer treatment, including the skin.
Exercise safely: Ask your cancer care team or a certified lymphedema therapist about exercises tailored to your condition. The correct movements can promote healthy lymph flow and may reduce your risk or help manage lymphedema if it develops.
Maintain a healthy weight: Excess body weight increases your risk of lymphedema and can make symptoms more complicated to control. Healthy eating and regular physical activity are essential parts of long-term management.
Avoid unnecessary pressure: Refrain from wearing tight-fitting clothing, jewelry, or undergarments that put pressure on the chest, arms, wrists, waist, legs, or genitals. Compression garments are the exception, but be sure they fit correctly, and follow your care team’s guidance when using them.
Count on Us for Information, Resources, and Support
If you’re living with or supporting someone with breast cancer, knowledge is power. While lymphedema may feel daunting, it’s manageable. Seek guidance early, lean on professionals and the community, and know that with the right tools, you can thrive.
Whether you’re newly diagnosed with breast cancer, are navigating survivorship, or are the loved one of someone experiencing breast cancer, you can count on SurvivingBreastCancer.org to keep you informed. We provide educational information to help you better understand symptoms, testing, treatment options, surgery, and other related topics. Additionally, we offer podcasts featuring professionals, advocates, and caregivers who share valuable insights and perspectives.
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Note: This article offers general information and does not replace professional medical advice. Make sure to discuss your options with your healthcare provider.
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